Mojave Desert: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 35°N 116°W / 35°N 116°W / 35; -116
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=== Conservation status ===
=== Conservation status ===
[[File:California Poppies1.jpg|thumb|right|A field of California poppies in the California Poppy Reserve in Antelope Valley]]
[[File:California Poppies1.jpg|thumb|right|A field of California poppies in the California Poppy Reserve in Antelope Valley]]
The Mojave Desert has a relatively stable and intact conservation status. The Mojave Desert is one of the best protected distinct ecoregions in the United States,<ref name=":0" /> as a result of the [[California Desert Protection Act of 1994|California Desert Protection Act]], which established the [[Death Valley National Park|Death Valley]], [[Joshua Tree National Park]]s and the [[Mojave National Preserve]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Wheat | first=Frank | title=California desert miracle : the fight for desert parks and wilderness | publisher=Sunbelt Publications | publication-place=San Diego, Calif. | date=1999 | isbn=0-932653-27-8 | oclc=39677747}}</ref> However, the southwest and central east portions of the Mojave Desert are particularly threatened as a result of off-road vehicles, human development, and agricultural [[grazing]].<ref name=":0" /> The World Wildlife Fund lists the Mojave Desert as relatively "stable/intact".<ref name=":0" />
The Mojave Desert has a relatively stable and intact conservation status. The Mojave Desert is one of the best protected distinct ecoregions in the United States,<ref name=":0" /> as a result of the [[California Desert Protection Act of 1994|California Desert Protection Act]], which designated 69 wilderness areas and established the [[Death Valley National Park|Death Valley]], [[Joshua Tree National Park]]s and the [[Mojave National Preserve]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Wheat | first=Frank | title=California desert miracle : the fight for desert parks and wilderness | publisher=Sunbelt Publications | publication-place=San Diego, Calif. | date=1999 | isbn=0-932653-27-8 | oclc=39677747}}</ref> However, the southwest and central east portions of the Mojave Desert are particularly threatened as a result of off-road vehicles, human development, and agricultural [[grazing]].<ref name=":0" /> The World Wildlife Fund lists the Mojave Desert as relatively "stable/intact".<ref name=":0" />


Various habitats and regions of the Mojave Desert have been protected by statute. Notably, Joshua Tree National Park, Death Valley National Park, and the Mojave National Preserve by the California Desert Protection Act of 1994. ([[Public Law (United States)|<abbr>Pub.L.</abbr>]] 103–433). Various other [[national park]]s and [[state park]]s have regions within the Mojave Desert. These include [[Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve]], which protects the fields of California poppies, [[Desert Tortoise Natural Area]], [[Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park]], [[Desert National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Lake Mead National Recreation Area]], [[Providence Mountains State Recreation Area]], [[Red Cliffs National Conservation Area]], [[Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)|Red Rock Canyon State Park]], [[Saddleback Butte State Park]], [[Snow Canyon State Park]] and [[Valley of Fire State Park]].
Various habitats and regions of the Mojave Desert have been protected by statute. Notably, Joshua Tree National Park, Death Valley National Park, and the Mojave National Preserve by the California Desert Protection Act of 1994. ([[Public Law (United States)|<abbr>Pub.L.</abbr>]] 103–433). Various other federal land agencies, [[national park]]s and [[state park]]s have regions within the Mojave Desert. These include [[Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve]], which protects the fields of California poppies, [[Mojave Trails National Monument]], [[Desert Tortoise Natural Area]], [[Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park]], [[Desert National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Lake Mead National Recreation Area]], [[Providence Mountains State Recreation Area]], [[Red Cliffs National Conservation Area]], [[Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)|Red Rock Canyon State Park]], [[Saddleback Butte State Park]], [[Snow Canyon State Park]] and [[Valley of Fire State Park]]. In 2013, the Mojave Desert was further protected from the growing field of renewable energy development by the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (DRECP), designating 4.2 million acres of [[Bureau of Land Management]] land as protected wilderness as part of the [[National Conservation Lands]] of the California Desert. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Land Management |title=National Conservation Lands of the California Desert |url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/national-conservation-lands-of-the-california-desert}}</ref>


=== 2009 litigation ===
=== 2009 litigation ===

Revision as of 06:20, 29 May 2023

Mojave Desert
Hayyikwiir Mat'aar (Mohave)[1]
Sand dunes in Death Valley
Location within North America
Ecology
RealmNearctic
BiomeDeserts and xeric shrublands
Borders
List
Bird species230[2]
Mammal species98[2]
Geography
Area81,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi)
CountryUnited States
States
Coordinates35°N 116°W / 35°N 116°W / 35; -116
RiversColorado River, Mojave River
Conservation
Conservation statusRelatively Stable/Intact[3]

The Mojave Desert (/moʊˈhɑːvi, mə-/ moh-HAH-vee, mə-;[4][5][6] Mohave: Hayikwiir Mat'aar; Spanish: Desierto de Mojave) is a desert in the rain shadow of the southern Sierra Nevada mountains and Transverse Ranges in the Southwestern United States.[7][3] It is named for the indigenous Mojave people. It is located primarily in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada, with small portions extending into Arizona and Utah.[8][3]

The Mojave Desert, together with the Sonoran, Chihuahuan, and Great Basin deserts, forms a larger North American Desert. Of these, the Mojave is the smallest and driest. The Mojave Desert displays typical basin and range topography, generally having a pattern of a series of parallel mountain ranges and valleys. It is also the site of Death Valley, which is the lowest elevation in North America. The Mojave Desert is often colloquially called the "high desert", as most of it lies between 2,000 and 4,000 feet (610 and 1,220 m). It supports a diversity of flora and fauna.

The 20 million acres (81,000 km2; 31,000 sq mi) desert supports a number of human activities, including recreation, ranching, and military training.[9] The Mojave Desert also contains various silver, tungsten, iron and gold deposits.[10]: 124 

The spelling Mojave originates from the Spanish language, while the spelling Mohave comes from modern English. Both are used today, although the Mojave Tribal Nation officially uses the spelling Mojave. Mojave is a shortened form of Hamakhaave, an endonym in their native language, which means "beside the water".[11]

Geography

The Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) is endemic and exclusive to the Mojave Desert.[12]

The Mojave Desert is a desert bordered to the west by the Sierra Nevada mountain range and the California montane chaparral and woodlands, and to the south and east by the Sonoran Desert. The boundaries to the east of the Mojave Desert are less distinctive than the other boundaries because there is no presence of an indicator species, such as the Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia),[13] which is endemic to the Mojave Desert. The Mojave Desert is distinguished from the Sonoran Desert and other deserts adjacent to it by its warm temperate climate, as well as flora and fauna such as ironwood (Olneya tesota), blue Palo Verde (Parkinsonia florida), chuparosa (Justicia californica), spiny menodora (Menodora spinescens), desert senna (Cassia armata), California dalea (Psorothamnus arborescens), and goldenhead (Acamptopappus shockleyi). Along with these other factors, these plants differentiate the Mojave from the nearby Sonoran desert.[3]

The Mojave Desert is bordered by the San Andreas fault to the Southwest and the Garlock fault to the North. The mountains elevated along the length of the San Andreas fault provide a clear border between the Mojave desert and the coastal regions to the West.[10] The Garlock fault separates the Mojave Desert from the Sierra Nevada and Tehachapi mountains, which provide a natural border to the Mojave Desert. There are also abundant alluvial fans, which are called bajadas, that form around the mountains within the Mojave desert and extend down toward the low altitude basins,[13] which contain dried lake beds called playas, where water generally collects and evaporates, leaving large volumes of salt. These playas include Rogers Dry Lake, and China Lake. Dry lakes are a noted feature of the Mojave landscape.[3] The Mojave Desert is also home to the Devils Playground, about 40 miles (64 km) of dunes and salt flats going in a northwest-southeasterly direction. The Devil's Playground is a part of the Mojave National Preserve and is between the town of Baker, California and Providence Mountains. The Cronese Mountains are within the Devil's Playground.

There are very few surface rivers in the Mojave Desert, even given the low precipitation level: two major rivers generally flow underground. The intermittent Mojave River, which begins in the San Bernardino mountains and disappears underground in the Mojave Desert.[14] The Amargosa River also flows partly underground through the Mojave Desert along a southward path.[15] The Manix, Mojave, and the Little Mojave lakes are all large but shallow.[13]: 7  Soda Lake is the principal saline basin of the Mojave desert. Natural springs are typically rare throughout the Mojave desert,[13]: 19  however, there are two notable springs, Ash Meadows, and Oasis Valley. Ash Meadows is formed from several other springs, which all draw from deep underground. Oasis Valley draws from the nearby Amargosa River.

Climate

Extremes in temperatures throughout the seasons characterize the climate of the Mojave Desert. Freezing temperatures as well as strong winds are not uncommon in the winter, as well as precipitation such as rain and snow in the mountains. In contrast, temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) are not uncommon during the summer months.[16] There is an annual average precipitation of 2 to 6 inches (51 to 152 mm), although regions at high altitudes such as the portion of the Mojave desert in the San Gabriel mountains may receive more rain.[10][8] Most of the precipitation in the Mojave comes from the Pacific Cyclonic storms that are generally present passing Eastward in November to April.[10] Such storms generally bring rain and snow only in the mountainous regions, as a result of the effect of the mountains, which creates a drying effect on its leeward slopes.[10]

During the late summer months, there is also the possibility of strong thunderstorms, which bring heavy showers or cloudbursts. These storms can result in flash flooding.[17]

The Mojave Desert has not historically supported a fire regime because of low fuel loads and connectivity. However, in the last few decades, invasive annual plants such as some within the genera Bromus, Schismus and Brassica have facilitated fires by serving as a fuel bed. This has significantly altered many areas of the desert. At higher elevations, fire regimes are regular but infrequent.[18]

Climate data for Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1911–present). Elevation −190 ft (−58 m).
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 90
(32) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		113
(45) 		122
(50) 		131
(55) 		134.1
(56.7) 		131
(55) 		125
(52) 		118
(48) 		98
(37) 		89
(32) 		134.1
(56.7)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 78.4
(25.8) 		85.1
(29.5) 		95.4
(35.2) 		106.0
(41.1) 		113.6
(45.3) 		122.0
(50.0) 		125.9
(52.2) 		123.4
(50.8) 		118.1
(47.8) 		106.2
(41.2) 		90.0
(32.2) 		77.8
(25.4) 		126.7
(52.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 67.2
(19.6) 		73.7
(23.2) 		82.6
(28.1) 		91.0
(32.8) 		100.7
(38.2) 		111.1
(43.9) 		117.4
(47.4) 		115.9
(46.6) 		107.7
(42.1) 		93.3
(34.1) 		77.4
(25.2) 		65.6
(18.7) 		92.0
(33.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 54.9
(12.7) 		61.3
(16.3) 		69.8
(21.0) 		77.9
(25.5) 		87.8
(31.0) 		97.5
(36.4) 		104.2
(40.1) 		102.3
(39.1) 		93.4
(34.1) 		78.9
(26.1) 		64.0
(17.8) 		53.4
(11.9) 		78.8
(26.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 42.5
(5.8) 		49.0
(9.4) 		57.1
(13.9) 		64.8
(18.2) 		75.0
(23.9) 		84.0
(28.9) 		91.0
(32.8) 		88.7
(31.5) 		79.1
(26.2) 		64.4
(18.0) 		50.5
(10.3) 		41.1
(5.1) 		65.6
(18.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 30.5
(−0.8) 		36.1
(2.3) 		42.8
(6.0) 		49.8
(9.9) 		58.5
(14.7) 		67.9
(19.9) 		78.3
(25.7) 		75.3
(24.1) 		65.4
(18.6) 		49.5
(9.7) 		35.9
(2.2) 		29.0
(−1.7) 		28.0
(−2.2)
Record low °F (°C) 15
(−9) 		20
(−7) 		26
(−3) 		35
(2) 		42
(6) 		49
(9) 		62
(17) 		65
(18) 		41
(5) 		32
(0) 		24
(−4) 		19
(−7) 		15
(−9)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.37
(9.4) 		0.52
(13) 		0.25
(6.4) 		0.10
(2.5) 		0.03
(0.76) 		0.05
(1.3) 		0.10
(2.5) 		0.10
(2.5) 		0.20
(5.1) 		0.12
(3.0) 		0.10
(2.5) 		0.26
(6.6) 		2.20
(56)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 2.4 2.9 2.0 1.1 0.9 0.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.6 16.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 217 226 279 330 372 390 403 372 330 310 210 186 3,625
Source: NOAA[19][20]
Climate data for Las Vegas, Nevada (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1937–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 77
(25) 		87
(31) 		92
(33) 		99
(37) 		109
(43) 		117
(47) 		117
(47) 		116
(47) 		114
(46) 		103
(39) 		87
(31) 		78
(26) 		117
(47)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 68.7
(20.4) 		74.2
(23.4) 		84.3
(29.1) 		93.6
(34.2) 		101.8
(38.8) 		110.1
(43.4) 		112.9
(44.9) 		110.3
(43.5) 		105.0
(40.6) 		94.6
(34.8) 		80.5
(26.9) 		67.9
(19.9) 		113.6
(45.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 58.5
(14.7) 		62.9
(17.2) 		71.1
(21.7) 		78.5
(25.8) 		88.5
(31.4) 		99.4
(37.4) 		104.5
(40.3) 		102.8
(39.3) 		94.9
(34.9) 		81.2
(27.3) 		67.1
(19.5) 		56.9
(13.8) 		80.5
(26.9)
Daily mean °F (°C) 49.5
(9.7) 		53.5
(11.9) 		60.8
(16.0) 		67.7
(19.8) 		77.3
(25.2) 		87.6
(30.9) 		93.2
(34.0) 		91.7
(33.2) 		83.6
(28.7) 		70.4
(21.3) 		57.2
(14.0) 		48.2
(9.0) 		70.1
(21.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 40.5
(4.7) 		44.1
(6.7) 		50.5
(10.3) 		56.9
(13.8) 		66.1
(18.9) 		75.8
(24.3) 		82.0
(27.8) 		80.6
(27.0) 		72.4
(22.4) 		59.6
(15.3) 		47.3
(8.5) 		39.6
(4.2) 		59.6
(15.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 29.8
(−1.2) 		32.9
(0.5) 		38.7
(3.7) 		45.2
(7.3) 		52.8
(11.6) 		62.2
(16.8) 		72.9
(22.7) 		70.8
(21.6) 		60.8
(16.0) 		47.4
(8.6) 		35.2
(1.8) 		29.0
(−1.7) 		27.4
(−2.6)
Record low °F (°C) 8
(−13) 		16
(−9) 		19
(−7) 		31
(−1) 		38
(3) 		48
(9) 		56
(13) 		54
(12) 		43
(6) 		26
(−3) 		15
(−9) 		11
(−12) 		8
(−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.56
(14) 		0.80
(20) 		0.42
(11) 		0.20
(5.1) 		0.07
(1.8) 		0.04
(1.0) 		0.38
(9.7) 		0.32
(8.1) 		0.32
(8.1) 		0.32
(8.1) 		0.30
(7.6) 		0.45
(11) 		4.18
(106)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.2
(0.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.1 4.1 2.8 1.6 1.1 0.4 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.5 3.0 25.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2
Average relative humidity (%) 45.1 39.6 33.1 25.0 21.3 16.5 21.1 25.6 25.0 28.8 37.2 45.0 30.3
Average dew point °F (°C) 22.1
(−5.5) 		23.7
(−4.6) 		23.9
(−4.5) 		24.1
(−4.4) 		28.2
(−2.1) 		30.9
(−0.6) 		40.6
(4.8) 		44.1
(6.7) 		37.0
(2.8) 		30.4
(−0.9) 		25.3
(−3.7) 		22.3
(−5.4) 		29.4
(−1.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 245.2 246.7 314.6 346.1 388.1 401.7 390.9 368.5 337.1 304.4 246.0 236.0 3,825.3
Percent possible sunshine 79 81 85 88 89 92 88 88 91 87 80 78 86
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[21][22][23]
Climate data for Searchlight, Nevada. (Elevation 3,550 ft (1,080 m))
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 77
(25) 		81
(27) 		90
(32) 		94
(34) 		102
(39) 		110
(43) 		111
(44) 		110
(43) 		107
(42) 		98
(37) 		86
(30) 		75
(24) 		111
(44)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 53.7
(12.1) 		58.4
(14.7) 		65.0
(18.3) 		73.1
(22.8) 		82.5
(28.1) 		92.7
(33.7) 		97.6
(36.4) 		95.4
(35.2) 		89.0
(31.7) 		77.0
(25.0) 		63.6
(17.6) 		54.4
(12.4) 		75.2
(24.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 35.6
(2.0) 		38.3
(3.5) 		41.8
(5.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		55.9
(13.3) 		64.8
(18.2) 		71.4
(21.9) 		69.6
(20.9) 		63.9
(17.7) 		53.9
(12.2) 		43.0
(6.1) 		36.4
(2.4) 		51.9
(11.1)
Record low °F (°C) 7
(−14) 		11
(−12) 		20
(−7) 		27
(−3) 		30
(−1) 		40
(4) 		52
(11) 		51
(11) 		41
(5) 		23
(−5) 		15
(−9) 		8
(−13) 		7
(−14)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.92
(23) 		0.96
(24) 		0.77
(20) 		0.40
(10) 		0.20
(5.1) 		0.11
(2.8) 		0.91
(23) 		1.08
(27) 		0.61
(15) 		0.52
(13) 		0.43
(11) 		0.79
(20) 		7.70
(196)
Source: The Western Regional Climate Center[24]
Climate data for Mount Charleston Lodge, Nevada. (Elevation 7,420 ft (2,260 m))
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 70
(21) 		69
(21) 		73
(23) 		79
(26) 		86
(30) 		93
(34) 		98
(37) 		93
(34) 		90
(32) 		83
(28) 		79
(26) 		69
(21) 		98
(37)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 44.0
(6.7) 		43.4
(6.3) 		48.8
(9.3) 		54.8
(12.7) 		64.4
(18.0) 		74.1
(23.4) 		79.4
(26.3) 		78.2
(25.7) 		71.7
(22.1) 		61.4
(16.3) 		51.6
(10.9) 		44.3
(6.8) 		59.7
(15.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19.2
(−7.1) 		19.8
(−6.8) 		23.5
(−4.7) 		28.2
(−2.1) 		36.4
(2.4) 		44.1
(6.7) 		52.0
(11.1) 		50.6
(10.3) 		43.5
(6.4) 		34.5
(1.4) 		26.0
(−3.3) 		19.4
(−7.0) 		33.1
(0.6)
Record low °F (°C) −11
(−24) 		−15
(−26) 		1
(−17) 		7
(−14) 		16
(−9) 		17
(−8) 		31
(−1) 		30
(−1) 		17
(−8) 		9
(−13) 		1
(−17) 		−18
(−28) 		−18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.83
(72) 		3.51
(89) 		1.92
(49) 		1.23
(31) 		0.70
(18) 		0.29
(7.4) 		2.13
(54) 		1.89
(48) 		1.69
(43) 		1.96
(50) 		1.31
(33) 		3.61
(92) 		23.09
(586)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 18.2
(46) 		29.3
(74) 		13.2
(34) 		8.3
(21) 		1.0
(2.5) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1.6
(4.1) 		5.2
(13) 		20.0
(51) 		97.1
(247)
Source: The Western Regional Climate Center[25]

Cities and regions

Main article: List of cities in the Mojave Desert
For a description of the metropolitan areas of the Mojave, see High Desert (California).
Las Vegas is in the Mojave Desert

While the Mojave Desert is generally sparsely populated, it has increasingly become urbanized in recent years.[8][3] The metropolitan areas include Las Vegas, the largest urban area in the Mojave and the largest urban area in Nevada with a population of about 2.3 million.[26] St. George, Utah, is the northeasternmost metropolitan area in the Mojave, with a population of around 180,000 in 2020, and is located at the convergence of the Mojave, Great Basin, and Colorado Plateau. The Los Angeles exurban area of Lancaster-Palmdale has more than 400,000 residents, and the Victorville area to its east has more than 300,000 residents.[8] Smaller cities or micropolitan areas in the Mojave Desert include Helendale, Lake Havasu City, Kingman, Laughlin, Bullhead City and Pahrump. All have experienced rapid population growth since 1990. The California portion of the desert also contains Edwards Air Force Base and Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, noted for experimental aviation and weapons projects.

The Mojave Desert has several ghost towns. The most significant are the silver and copper-mining town of Calico, California, and the old railroad depot of Kelso, California. Some of the other ghost towns are more modern, created when U.S. Route 66 (and the lesser-known U.S. Route 91) were abandoned in favor of the construction of Interstates.

Geology

Rock formations in Joshua Tree National Park

The rock that forms the Mojave Desert was likely created under shallow water in the Precambrian.[13]: 21 [10]: 115  Under this, sedimentary processes were likely taking place, causing in large deposits of limestones, silicates, and dolomites. During the Paleozoic era, the area that is now the Mojave was again likely submerged under a greater sea.[10]: 116  During the Mesozoic era, major tectonic activities such as thrust faulting and folding resulted in distinctive shaping as well as intrusion.[13][10]: 116  During the Cenozoic, more tectonic deformation occurred whilst the Mojave was partly submerged. Major volcanic activity is thought to have occurred during the Oligocene. Large downpours during the Miocene likely significantly eroded the rock in the Mojave and accelerated deposition.[10]: 116 

The Mojave Desert is a source of various minerals and metallic materials. Due to the climate, there is an accumulation of weathered bedrock, fine sand and silt, both sand and silt sediments becoming converted into colluvium.[27] The deposits of gold, tungsten, and silver have been mined frequently prior to the Second World War.[10]: 124  Additionally, there have been deposits of copper, tin, lead-zinc, manganese, iron, and various radioactive substances but they have not been mined for commercial use.[10]: 124 

Ecology

Flora

The flora of the Mojave desert consists of various endemic plant species, notably the Joshua Tree, which is a notable endemic and indicator species of the desert. There is more endemic flora in the Mojave desert than almost anywhere in the world.[3] Mojave Desert flora is not a vegetation type, although the plants in the area have evolved in isolation because of the physical barriers of the Sierra Nevadas and the Colorado Plateau. Predominant plants of the Mojave desert include all-scale (Atriplex polycarpa), creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), desert holly (Atriplex hymenelytra), white burrobush (Hymenoclea salsola), and most notably, the Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia). Additionally, the Mojave desert is also home to various species of cacti, such as silver cholla (Cylindropuntia echinocarpa), Mojave prickly pear (O. erinacea), beavertail cactus (O. basilaris), and many-headed barrel cactus (Echinocactus polycephalus). Less common but distinctive plants of the Mojave desert include ironwood (Olneya tesota), blue Palo Verde (Parkinsonia Florida), chuparosa (Justicia californica), spiny menodora (Menodora spinescens), desert senna (Cassia armata), California dalea (Psorothamnus arborescens), and goldenhead (Acamptopappus shockleyi). The Mojave desert is generally abundant in winter annuals.[13]: 11  The plants of the Mojave desert each generally correspond to an individual geographic feature. As such, there are distinctive flora communities within the desert.

  • A depiction of cassia armata, which is particularly characteristic of the Mojave
    A depiction of cassia armata, which is particularly characteristic of the Mojave
  • California Dalea, an indicator species of the Mojave Desert
    California Dalea, an indicator species of the Mojave Desert
  • Goldenhead (Acamptopappus shockleyi) an indicator species of the Mojave
    Goldenhead (Acamptopappus shockleyi) an indicator species of the Mojave
  • Silver cholla (Opuntia echinocarpa), a common species of cacti in the Mojave
    Silver cholla (Opuntia echinocarpa), a common species of cacti in the Mojave
  • A creosote bush, which is common in the Mojave
    A creosote bush, which is common in the Mojave

Fauna

A desert tortoise, which can be found in the Mojave Desert

Notable species of the Mojave desert include bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), mountain lions (Puma concolor), black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus), and desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii).[3] Various other species are particularly common in the Mojave Desert, such as the LeConte's thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei), banded gecko (Coleonyx variegatus), desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis), chuckwalla (Sauromalus obesus), and regal horned lizard (Phrynosoma solare). Species of snake include the rosy boa (Lichanura trivirgata), Western patch-nosed snake (Salvadora hexalepis), and Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus). These species can also occur in the neighboring Sonoran and Great Basin deserts.

The animal species of the Mojave Desert have generally fewer endemics than its flora. However, endemic fauna of the Mojave Desert include Kelso Dunes jerusalem cricket (Ammopelmatus kelsoensis), the Kelso Dunes shieldback katydid (Eremopedes kelsoensis), the Mohave ground squirrel (Spermophilus Mohavensis) and Amargosa vole (Microtus californicus scirpensis).[28] The Mojave fringe-toed lizard (Uma Scoparia) is not endemic, but almost completely limited to the Mojave desert. There are also aquatic species that are found nowhere else,[29] such as the Devils Hole pupfish, limited to one hot spring near Death Valley.[30]

In society

History

Before the European colonization of North America, tribes of Native Americans, such as the Mohave, were hunter-gatherers living in the Mojave Desert.[31]

European explorers started exploring the deserts beginning in the 18th century. Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan friar, was the first explorer of the Mojave desert in 1776.[32] Garcés recorded information about the original inhabitants of the deserts.

Later, as American interests expanded into California, American explorers started probing the California deserts. Jedediah Smith travelled through the Mojave deserts in 1826, finally reaching the San Gabriel Mission.[33][34]

Human development

In recent years, human development in the Mojave desert has become increasingly present. Human development at the major urban and suburban centers of Las Vegas and Los Angeles has had an increasingly damaging effect on the wildlife of the Mojave Desert.[3] An added demand for landfill space as a result of the large metropolitan centers of Las Vegas and Los Angeles also has the real potential to drastically affect flora and fauna of the Mojave Desert. Agricultural development along the Colorado river, close to the Eastern boundary of the Mojave Desert, also causes habitat loss and degradation.[8][3] Areas that are particularly affected by human development include Ward Valley and Riverside county. The United States military also maintains installations in the Mojave Desert, making the Mojave a critical training location for the United States Department of Defense.[9] The Mojave Desert has long been a valuable resource for people, and as its human population grows, its importance will only grow. Miners, ranchers, and farmers rely on the desert for a living.[29] The desert is also helping California meet its renewable energy objectives: the desert is an excellent place to site wind and solar energy systems, although they can cause their own environmental impact.[35]

Tourism

Panorama of Zabriskie point

The Mojave Desert is one of the most popular spots for tourism in North America, primarily because of the international destination of Las Vegas. The Mojave is also known for its scenery, playing host to Death Valley National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, and the Mojave National Preserve. Lakes Mead, Mohave, and Havasu provide water sports recreation, and vast off-road areas entice off-road enthusiasts. The Mojave Desert also includes three California State Parks, the Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve, in Lancaster, Saddleback Butte State Park, in Hi Vista and Red Rock Canyon State Park. Mojave Narrows Park, operated by San Bernardino County, is a former ranch along the Mojave River.

Several attractions and natural features are in the Calico Mountains. Calico Ghost Town, in Yermo, is administered by San Bernardino County. The ghost town has several shops and attractions and inspired Walter Knott to build Knott's Berry Farm. The Bureau of Land Management also administers Rainbow Basin and Owl Canyon. The Calico Early Man Site, in the Calico Hills east of Yermo, is believed by some archaeologists, including the late Louis Leakey, to show the earliest evidence with lithic stone tools found here of human activity in North America.

Conservation status

A field of California poppies in the California Poppy Reserve in Antelope Valley

The Mojave Desert has a relatively stable and intact conservation status. The Mojave Desert is one of the best protected distinct ecoregions in the United States,[3] as a result of the California Desert Protection Act, which designated 69 wilderness areas and established the Death Valley, Joshua Tree National Parks and the Mojave National Preserve.[36] However, the southwest and central east portions of the Mojave Desert are particularly threatened as a result of off-road vehicles, human development, and agricultural grazing.[3] The World Wildlife Fund lists the Mojave Desert as relatively "stable/intact".[3]

Various habitats and regions of the Mojave Desert have been protected by statute. Notably, Joshua Tree National Park, Death Valley National Park, and the Mojave National Preserve by the California Desert Protection Act of 1994. (Pub.L. 103–433). Various other federal land agencies, national parks and state parks have regions within the Mojave Desert. These include Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve, which protects the fields of California poppies, Mojave Trails National Monument, Desert Tortoise Natural Area, Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park, Desert National Wildlife Refuge, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Providence Mountains State Recreation Area, Red Cliffs National Conservation Area, Red Rock Canyon State Park, Saddleback Butte State Park, Snow Canyon State Park and Valley of Fire State Park. In 2013, the Mojave Desert was further protected from the growing field of renewable energy development by the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (DRECP), designating 4.2 million acres of Bureau of Land Management land as protected wilderness as part of the National Conservation Lands of the California Desert. [37]

2009 litigation

In 2009, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston ruled against the Bureau's proposed designation of additional off-road vehicle use allowance in the western Mojave Desert. According to the ruling, the Bureau of Land Management violated its own regulations when it designated approximately 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of off-roading routes in 2006. According to Judge Illston, the Bureau's designation was significantly "flawed because it does not contain a reasonable range of alternatives" to limit damage to sensitive habitats. Judge Illston found the bureau had inadequately analyzed the routes' impacts on air quality, soils, plant communities, riparian habitats, and sensitive species such as the endangered Mojave fringe-toed lizard, pointing out that the desert and its resources are "extremely fragile, easily scarred, and slowly healed".[38]

In popular culture

Notes

  1. ^ Mean maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

References

  1. ^ Munro, P., et al. A Mojave Dictionary. Los Angeles: UCLA, 1992
  2. ^ a b "The Atlas of Global Conservation". maps.tnc.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Mojave desert". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  4. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917]. Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.
  5. ^ "Mojave". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  6. ^ "Mojave". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  7. ^ "The Mojave Desert". Blue Planet Biomes.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ a b c d e "Mojave Desert". Encyclopedia Britannica. March 25, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  9. ^ a b "Mojave Desert". Nature. Retrieved July 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dibblee, TW Jr (1967). "Areal geology of the western Mojave Desert, California". Professional Paper. USGS. doi:10.3133/pp522. Professional Paper 522. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ "Mojave Indian Fact Sheet". bigorrin.org. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  12. ^ "Mojave Desert Biome". Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved July 23, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Rundel, Philip W; Gibson, Arthur C (2005). Ecological communities and processes in a Mojave Desert ecosystem. Cambridge University Press.
  14. ^ "Mojave River". Western Rivers Conservancy. February 2020.
  15. ^ Lovgren, Stefan (June 11, 2021). "Life on the Amargosa—a desert river faced with drought". National Geographic.
  16. ^ "Weather - Mojave National Park Reserve". National Park Service.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ Hereford, Richard; Webb, Robert H; Longpre, Claire I (2004). "Precipitation History of the Mojave Desert Region, 1893–2001". USGS. Fact Sheet 117-03.
  18. ^ Brooks, Matthew L; Matchett, JR (2006). "Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave Desert, 1980–2004". Journal of Arid Environments. 67: 148–164. Bibcode:2006JArEn..67..148B. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.027.
  19. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  20. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  21. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  22. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  23. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for LAS VEGAS/MCCARRAN, NV 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  24. ^ "Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  25. ^ "Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  26. ^ "Las Vegas City, Nevada". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ^ Persico, L.P.; McFadden, L.D.; McAuliffe, J.R.; Rittenour, T.M.; Stahlecker, T.E.; Dunn, S.B.; Brody, S.A.T. (September 30, 2021). "Late Quaternary geochronologic record of soil formation and erosion: Effects of climate change on Mojave Desert hillslopes (Nevada, USA)". Geology. 50 (1): 54–59. doi:10.1130/G49270.1. ISSN 0091-7613. S2CID 244264071.
  28. ^ Neuwald, JL (2010). "Population isolation exacerbates conservation genetic concerns in the endangered Amargosa vole, Microtus californicus scirpensis". Biological Conservation. 143 (9): 2028–2038. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.007.
  29. ^ a b "Mojave Desert". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  30. ^ "Supplemental Finding for the Devils Hole Pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis), within the Recovery Plan for the Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada" (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service. December 2019.
  31. ^ "History & Culture". Mojave National Preserve. National Park Service.
  32. ^ "Fr. Francisco Garces". Profiles in Mojave Desert History. Digital-Desert.
  33. ^ Gilbert, Bil (1973). The Trailblazers. Time-Life Books. pp. 96–100, 107.
  34. ^ Smith, Alson J. (1965). Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826–1829. New York: John Day Co.
  35. ^ Bernhard, Meg (November 3, 2021). "'Is this really green?' The fight over solar farms in the Mojave Desert". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ^ Wheat, Frank (1999). California desert miracle : the fight for desert parks and wilderness. San Diego, Calif.: Sunbelt Publications. ISBN 0-932653-27-8. OCLC 39677747.
  37. ^ Bureau of Land Management. "National Conservation Lands of the California Desert".
  38. ^ "Off-road Routes in Mojave Desert Found Illegal". wilderness.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  39. ^ Desborough, James; Patterson, Emma (September 24, 2016). "EXCLUSIVE: The Spice Girls shoot that kicked off 'girl power' and the S&M secret that nearly scuppered it all". Mirror. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
  40. ^ @mimiwebb (May 26, 2022). "outside LA, isn't it cool?" (Tweet). Retrieved January 27, 2023 – via Twitter.
  41. ^ Mimi Webb (May 26, 2022). "Mimi Webb - Goodbye (Official Music Video)". YouTube. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
  42. ^ "I Love The U2 Album "The Joshua Tree", Do U2?". Desert USA. Retrieved April 10, 2023.

External links

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